Integration by Parts
The Product Rule states that if and are differentiable functions, then
In the notation for indefinite integrals this equation becomes after rearrangement
It is easier to remember in the following notation.
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Let and . Then the differentials are and , the formula for integration by parts becomes
Examples
Let's evaluate for .
Define
Then
Integrating by parts, we get
Define
Then
Integrating by parts, we get
The remaining integral is no simpler, but we can integrate by parts again. Keeping , let
Then
so
The original integral appears again. Substituting this expression into the first equation gives
After rearrangement, we obtain
References
- [StewartEtAl2021]Stewart, James, Daniel K. Clegg, and Saleem Watson. Calculus: Early Transcendentals, Metric Edition. Ninth edition. Cengage, 2021.
- [TheMathFlow2026]The Math Flow. ``The Geometry of Integration by Parts.'' X, 2026. Video.